读外刊时,你有没有注意到一个现象:好的学术文章,用的词不复杂,但表达极其精准。
比如,科学家不会说”We don’t know”,而会说”The possibility cannot be ruled out”。这不是在卖弄词汇,而是在精确地传达”证据不足但无法否定”这个微妙状态。
今天我们从FT一篇科学评论文章中提取5个学术论证高频表达——它们不只在科学类文章里好用,在雅思议论文、高考读后续写的论述段落里,同样能帮你写出更严谨、更有层次的论证。
FT原文
How does coronavirus spread? Scientists are increasingly convinced that airborne transmission plays a role. Last week, more than 200 specialists penned an open letter to the World Health Organization urging it to officially accept that the Covid-19 virus can spread through the air further than social distancing recommendations.
The WHO says the possibility cannot be ruled out but its reluctance so far to embrace airborne transmission has put it at odds with aerosol chemists and engineers, who now believe the virus can spread through tiny particles that stay aloft for hours on air currents.
A patchwork of studies can indeed be pieced together into plausible scenarios of airborne infection. […] One restaurant outbreak was traced back to an air conditioning unit.
Strong evidence always trumps weak, but, in an extraordinary situation, weak evidence — especially when it converges from multiple disciplines — is arguably better than none. […] Others complain that the bar for admitting new evidence is set too high.
中文对照
新冠病毒是如何传播的?科学家们越来越确信,空气传播在其中发挥了作用。上周,逾200名专家联名向世卫组织发出公开信,敦促其正式承认新冠病毒可以通过空气传播。
世卫组织表示,不能排除这种可能性。但该组织至今不情愿接受空气传播的说法,这使其与研究气溶胶的化学家和工程师产生了分歧。
确实可以用一些零散的研究拼凑出空气传播的合理情景。一家餐厅爆发感染事件的原因可以追溯到一个空调设备。
强有力的证据总是好过不充分的证据,但在特殊情况下,不充分的证据——特别是当它横跨多个学科时——总比没有证据要好。其他人则抱怨称,承认新证据的门槛设定得太高了。
词汇解析
① cannot be ruled out — 不能排除
原文出处: “The WHO says the possibility cannot be ruled out.”
中文解释: 这是一个典型的学术”拒绝否定”结构。直译是”不能被排除”,比”It is possible”更严谨,因为暗示了”证据不足但逻辑上仍成立”。
为什么好: 很多同学写”Maybe it’s true”或”It could be right”,这种说法太口语化、太随意。在正式议论文中,当你需要表达”不完全否定一个可能性”时,cannot be ruled out 是最精准的表达——它在信和不信之间留了一个合理的学术空间。
❌ 学生初版 Maybe it is possible that technology can solve the problem.
✅ 升级版 The possibility that technology alone can solve the problem cannot be ruled out.
💡 效果 升级版多了一个学术论证的”保留”姿态——不是在盲目肯定,而是在理性评估后留给读者一个开放结论。
② piece together — 拼凑/整合信息
原文出处: “A patchwork of studies can indeed be pieced together into plausible scenarios.”
中文解释: 字面意思是”把碎片拼起来”。在学术语境中,表示”从多个零散信息源构建出一个完整的图景”。
为什么好: 学生写”we can find information from different sources”只是一个描述。piece together 则暗示了”信息是零散的、不完整的,需要分析和组织才能形成结论”——这是学术写作的核心动作。
❌ 学生初版 We can get information from different sources and understand the situation.
✅ 升级版 By piecing together evidence from multiple studies, we can better understand the situation.
💡 效果 升级版把”收集信息”升级为”整合碎片化证据”,体现出分析能力。
③ traced back to — 追溯到
原文出处: “One restaurant outbreak was traced back to an air conditioning unit.”
中文解释: 表示”某事的根源/原因可以追溯到某处”。常用于因果论证中追溯问题源头。
为什么好: trace back to 比”caused by”更优雅,因为它暗示了”追溯过程”——不是简单地说A导致了B,而是”经过调查/分析,发现根源在X”。这个动作感让论证更有说服力。
❌ 学生初版 Many environmental problems are caused by human activities.
✅ 升级版 Many of today’s environmental problems can be traced back to decades of unchecked industrial expansion.
💡 效果 升级版用”追溯”代替”cause”,让论证有了历史纵深和逻辑路径。
④ converge from — 汇聚
原文出处: “weak evidence — especially when it converges from multiple disciplines — is arguably better than none.”
中文解释: converge 本义是”从不同方向汇聚到同一点”。学术语境中指”来自不同领域的证据指向同一个结论”。
为什么好: 很多学生写”evidence from different areas shows the same thing”,结构松散。converge from 一次完成了”不同来源”和”指向共同结论”两个信息的传达——简洁、有力。
❌ 学生初版 Evidence from different fields all shows that climate change is real.
✅ 升级版 Scientific evidence converging from climatology, oceanography, and biology all points to the reality of climate change.
💡 效果
升级版不仅引用了具体领域,还用 converging from 展现了”多学科证据交叉验证”的论证厚度。
⑤ the bar for…is set too high — 门槛太高
原文出处: “Others complain that the bar for admitting new evidence is set too high.”
中文解释: bar 比喻”准入标准/门槛”。the bar is set too high 表示”标准过于严格,让合理的东西进不来”。
为什么好: 学生写”the standard is too strict”——对,但太平淡。the bar is set too high 是一个高度凝练的隐喻(bar=跨栏的门槛),让批评更有画面感。
❌ 学生初版 The school’s admission standard is too strict for some students.
✅ 升级版 Some argue that the bar for university admission is set too high, excluding talented students from disadvantaged backgrounds.
💡 效果
升级版用 the bar is set too high 替换”standard is too strict”,瞬间有了隐喻的力度。
写作建议
这5个表达有一个共同点:它们都不是生僻词,而是常用词在学术场景中的精准用法。
rule out、piece together、trace back to、converge from、bar——这些词你可能都认识,但你是不是在写作中主动用出来了?
建议你把这篇文章收藏,下次写议论文时,有意识地用其中1-2个。用熟了之后,你的论证会从”说理”升级为”严谨的说理”。
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