读《金融时报》学英文写作:定语从句进阶——when/where/why 三个关系副词

定语从句的”隐藏武器”

大部分学生写定语从句,脑子里只有 whichthat。遇到时间、地点、原因,要么硬套 which,要么拆成两句:

I remember the day which I met you.

关系副词 when / where / why 才是这类句子的正解。它们看似简单,但限定与非限定的逗号区别、与介词+which 的互换,是高分作文的分水岭。

今天用《金融时报》报道美国新冠死亡人数创新高的稿子,拆解这三个关系副词。

FT原文(示范素材)

States attributed a further 1,869 deaths to coronavirus, according to Covid Tracking Project data, the largest single-day increase since May 7, when the outbreak was most acute in northeastern states such as New York and New Jersey.

The US has averaged 1,162 deaths a day over the past week, the highest level since late May and surpassing the summer apex of 1,142 when southern sunbelt states were battling the outbreak.

根据”新冠追踪项目”的数据,各州又报告了1869例新冠死亡病例,这是自5月7日以来最大的单日增幅,当时疫情在纽约和新泽西等东北部州最为严重。过去一周,美国平均每天有1162人死亡,这是自5月底以来的最高水平,超过了今年夏天南部阳光地带各州抗击疫情期间1,142人的峰值。

四个关系副词技巧

技巧一:when —— 时间名词的专用关系词

原文 since May 7, when the outbreak was most acute 中,when 指代时间名词 May 7,在从句里作时间状语。学生常见错误是用 which:

❌ 学生初版

We remember the day which we first met.

✅ 升级版

We remember the day when we first met.

💡 效果

when 在从句里作时间状语(we first met on that day → when),而 which 只能作主语或宾语。判断方法:把从句写完整,缺的是时间状语就用 when

技巧二:限定与非限定 —— 一个逗号的差别

FT原文用了一个很精细的细节:May 7, when ... 有逗号(非限定,补充说明);the summer apex of 1,142 when ... 无逗号(限定,锁定的是哪一个峰值)。

  • 非限定:May 7, when the outbreak was most acute(补充信息,去掉不影响句意)
  • 限定:the apex when southern sunbelt states were battling(限定修饰,去掉意思不完整)

❌ 学生初版

I still remember the summer of 2019. It was very hot and I took the exam.

✅ 升级版

I still remember the summer of 2019, when I took the exam.

💡 效果

非限定 when 前加逗号,把两句话并成一句,节奏和逻辑都更高级——原文正是这样处理”5月7日+当时疫情严重”这两层信息的。

技巧三:where —— 地点名词的专用关系词

结构公式: 地点名词 + where + 完整句子(where 在从句中作地点状语)

  • the city where I grew up
  • the school where I studied

❌ 学生初版

This is the city which I grew up.

✅ 升级版

This is the city where I grew up.

💡 效果

where 相当于 in which——这就是上一篇「介词+which」的连接点。考场写法:where 更简洁,in which 更正式,两者等价,按你需要句子的长短二选一。

技巧四:why —— 原因的专用关系词

结构公式: the reason why + 完整句子

❌ 学生初版

This is the reason which I left.

✅ 升级版

This is the reason why I left.

💡 效果

reason 后习惯接 why(相当于 for which),不接 which。这是固定搭配,也是阅卷老师眼里的”地道信号”。

写作建议

  1. 先判断成分,再选关系词:从句缺主语或宾语 → which/that;缺时间状语 → when;缺地点状语 → where;缺原因状语 → why。
  2. 一句话里的关系词不重样:一篇文章里如果能把 when、where、why 各用一次,比重复用五个 which 高级得多。
  3. 把三个副词和介词+which 打通:when = on which / at which;where = in which;why = for which。考试时用哪个,取决于你是要简洁还是要长句感。

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