议论文写作最难的环节是什么？不是词汇量不够，而是”不知道怎么把观点讲得有分量”。很多学生写到最后只会用 I think、it is important，翻来覆去就那么几个句式。真正高级的议论文，靠的是句型本身的力量——让步、警告、对比、结论，每一种逻辑关系都有配对的句型。

今天我们从FT一篇关于默克尔情绪化演讲的报道中，学习5个”有分量”的句型。这些句型可以直接用在雅思大作文、高考英语写作的开头段和结尾段。

FT原文段落

Angela Merkel said Germany must go into a hard lockdown before Christmas to curb the spread of coronavirus, citing the “alarming” number of people being treated for Covid-19 in German intensive care wards and the surge in deaths from the disease.

In an unusually emotional speech in the Bundestag on Wednesday, Ms Merkel said the number of new infections was still too high, and there was an urgent need for all Germans to limit social contact over the holiday period.

“If we have too many contacts before Christmas and then it’s the last Christmas [we’ll ever spend] with our grandparents, then we will have failed,” she said.

Germany was widely seen to have coped much better with the pandemic’s first wave than many of its neighbours, with relatively low infection rates achieved without resort to draconian curfews and business closures.

But the second wave has hit the country much harder, with authorities in many districts admitting they have lost control of the spread of the virus.

Faced with an exponential rise in new infections, the German government imposed a “lockdown-lite” at the start of November that saw restaurants, bars, theatres and gyms close but schools and businesses remain open.

But Ms Merkel said those measures had “failed to turn the tide”.

句型解析

句型一：决策陈述 + 依据引用

Angela Merkel said Germany must go into a hard lockdown before Christmas to curb the spread of coronavirus, citing the “alarming” number of people being treated for Covid-19 in German intensive care wards and the surge in deaths from the disease.

结构公式： [Person] said [entity] must [action] to [goal], citing [reason A] and [reason B]

这个句型是议论文主体段的黄金开头。citing 引出两个并列原因，比 because 更正式、更紧凑。

❌ 学生初版 The government should take action because the situation is bad and many people are dying.

✅ 升级版 The city mayor said the local government must impose a strict lockdown to curb the spread of the virus, citing the alarming number of new infections and the surge in hospital admissions.

💡 效果 citing 代替 because，且同时给出两个原因，句子结构紧凑，信息密度高。

模板：

[Expert/Authority] said [entity] must [action] to [goal], citing [factor 1] and [factor 2].

例句：

Environmental scientists said the government must impose stricter emission limits to combat climate change, citing the alarming rate of global temperature rise and the surge in extreme weather events.

句型二：情景渲染开头

In an unusually emotional speech in the Bundestag on Wednesday, Ms Merkel said the number of new infections was still too high, and there was an urgent need for all Germans to limit social contact over the holiday period.

结构公式： In a/an [adjective] [context] on [time], [Person] said [statement A], and there was an urgent need for [audience] to [action].

这个句型是段落开头的神器。先用 In a/an ... speech/statement/interview 渲染情景，再引出观点和呼吁。比干巴巴的 X said that... 高级太多。

❌ 学生初版 Merkel gave a speech. She said infections were high. She asked people to limit contacts.

✅ 升级版 In a strongly worded speech at the UN General Assembly on Monday, the Secretary-General said the climate crisis was worsening, and there was an urgent need for all nations to reduce carbon emissions.

💡 效果 In a strongly worded speech 定调 → 主体句陈述内容 → urgent need 呼吁。一句话完成三个功能。

模板：

In a/an [adjective] [context] on [time], [Person] said [statement], and there was an urgent need for [group] to [action].

例句：

In a passionate address to university students on Friday, the Nobel laureate said inequality was growing, and there was an urgent need for young people to engage in social reform.

句型三：条件式警告

“If we have too many contacts before Christmas and then it’s the last Christmas [we’ll ever spend] with our grandparents, then we will have failed,” she said.

结构公式： "If [condition], then [consequence], then we will have failed," [Person] said.

这是一个”递进式警告”结构。不是简单的 if X, then Y，而是 if X, then Y is at stake, then we fail。三层递进，情感冲击力极强。

❌ 学生初版 “If we don’t act now, the situation will get worse,” she said.

✅ 升级版 “If we ignore the warning signs and continue business as usual, and then future generations are left to deal with the consequences, then we will have failed,” the scientist said.

💡 效果 三个层次递进（条件→后果→最终失败），比一句式警告更有说服力。

模板：

“If [condition A] and then [condition B], then we will have failed,” [Person] said.

例句：

“If we cut funding for education and then young people are left without opportunities, then we will have failed,” the senator said.

句型四：今昔对比结构

Germany was widely seen to have coped much better with the pandemic’s first wave than many of its neighbours, with relatively low infection rates achieved without resort to draconian curfews and business closures.

结构公式： [Entity] was widely seen to have [past achievement] more effectively than [comparison], with [details] achieved without [negative element].

注意： widely seen to have 中的 to have 是不定式完成式（perfect infinitive），表示”被广泛认为已经……”。这个结构比常见的 was believed to be 多了一层”已发生”的含义，非常适合描述历史成就。

with ... achieved without 结构用过去分词补充细节，同时用 without 强调正面结果。注意 with [noun] [past participle] 这种独立主格结构。

❌ 学生初版 Germany did better than other countries in the first wave. They had low infection rates. They did not use severe lockdowns.

✅ 升级版 Finland was widely seen to have handled the education crisis more effectively than many of its European neighbours, with students achieving high test scores without resort to excessive homework and private tutoring.

💡 效果 widely seen to have...more effectively than 是完美的对比句框架。with...achieved without 给出具体证据，整句话既有论点又有论据。

模板：

[Entity] was widely seen to have [past achievement] more effectively than [comparison], with [result] achieved without [negative factor].

例句：

The company was widely seen to have weathered the economic downturn more effectively than its competitors, with steady growth achieved without resort to mass layoffs and budget cuts.

句型五：转折 + 让步（“但是”的正确写法）

But the second wave has hit the country much harder, with authorities in many districts admitting they have lost control of the spread of the virus.

结构公式： But [negative event] has hit [entity] much harder, with [authorities] admitting [concession].

But 开头表示转折。hit...much harder 中的 much + 比较级 强调程度。with authorities admitting 提供信息来源。这个句型的核心价值在于：用具体的人/机构来承认失败，比作者自己下结论更有说服力。

❌ 学生初版 But the problem got worse. The government could not control it.

✅ 升级版 But the second wave of the epidemic has hit the country much harder, with health officials admitting they have lost control of the situation in many rural areas.

💡 效果 hit...much harder 程度加强，with officials admitting 提供可信来源。一句话完成转折+承认弱点的功能。

模板：

But [negative trend] has hit [entity] much harder, with [authorities] admitting [concession].

例句：

But the economic crisis has hit small businesses much harder, with local chamber of commerce officials admitting they have lost control of the situation in many districts.

写作建议

这5个句型的共同核心是：把逻辑关系包装进一个句子里。学生写作的最大问题不是不会用词，而是不会用句型——只会堆砌短句。建议你准备一个”句型工具箱”，把这5个句型记下来，每次写议论文时，强制自己在开头段和主体段使用至少2个。练一个月，你的写作质量会明显提升。

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