议论文里，你只会说”some people think… others think…”吗？

这是大多数学生写”争议话题”议论文时的通病——永远用 Some people think... while others think... 来呈现双方观点。不是不对，但太机械、太模板化。

真正好的议论文，需要更精准的词来讨论争议本身的性质、各方立场的依据，以及利弊权衡的表达方式。

今天这篇 FT 文章讲的是 FDA 批准为12至15岁青少年接种辉瑞疫苗，以及由此引发的伦理争议。话题有时效性，但文中的动词和名词——全部可以迁移到你的任何一篇议论文里。

Adolescents in the US are set to get vaccinated against Covid-19 after the country’s drugs regulator extended its emergency authorisation for BioNTech/Pfizer’s vaccine to be given to under-16s for the first time.

The FDA on Monday extended its emergency authorisation for inoculation of 12 to 15-year-olds after studies suggested it was 100 per cent effective at preventing coronavirus.

Allowing children to be vaccinated is one way to speed up the take-up. But it is also contentious because younger populations face a minute risk of becoming severely ill or dying after contracting coronavirus, while billions of vulnerable adults across the world are yet to receive a vaccine.

Some argue that vaccinating children diverts valuable jabs away from adult populations, further delaying the rollout for vast swaths of the developing world.

美国青少年将接种新冠疫苗。FDA 首次允许为16岁以下人群接种BioNTech/辉瑞疫苗。

FDA 周一将该疫苗的紧急使用授权扩大至为12至15岁青少年接种。

允许儿童接种疫苗是加快接种速度的方法之一。但这种做法也存在争议，因为较年轻群体感染后转为重症或死亡的风险很小，而全球数十亿易受影响的成年人尚未接种疫苗。

一些人认为，为儿童接种疫苗会减少成年人的宝贵疫苗，从而进一步推迟发展中国家的疫苗推广计划。

精选表达

1. extend one’s authorisation for — 将授权扩大至

原文出处： “The FDA on Monday extended its emergency authorisation for inoculation of 12 to 15-year-olds”

为什么好： 很多学生写”允许”只知道 allow 或 let。在正式语境中，extend authorisation for 比 allow 准确得多——它不仅表示”允许”，还暗示这是原有授权的扩展。authorisation 本身比 permission 更正式，是雅思/高考写作中拿分的”学术词汇”。

❌ 学生初版

The government allowed young people to get the vaccine.

✅ 升级版

The government extended its authorisation for young people to receive the vaccine.

迁移练习：

  • 学校延长课外活动许可：The school extended its authorisation for after-school activities to include weekend sports.
  • 公司扩大远程办公政策：The company extended its authorisation for remote work to all departments.

2. contentious — 有争议的

原文出处： “But it is also contentious because younger populations face a minute risk…”

为什么好： contentious 是 controversial 的高级替代词，但它不仅仅是”有争议的”——它暗示这种争议尚未解决、各方立场激烈。注意原文没有简单写 controversial，而是选了一个更正式、更学术的词。

❌ 学生初版

This idea is very controversial.

✅ 升级版

This proposal remains highly contentious, with critics questioning its ethical basis.

迁移练习：

  • 学费上涨始终是热点：The issue of tuition fees remains contentious among students and parents.
  • 人工智能监管仍存争议：The regulation of artificial intelligence is a contentious topic in many countries.

3. run a minute risk of — 风险极小

原文出处： “younger populations face a minute risk of becoming severely ill or dying”

为什么好： minute（读作 /maɪˈnjuːt/）作为形容词意为”极其微小的”，与 risk 搭配非常地道。大多数学生只会写 the risk is very small 或者 there is almost no risk。face/run a minute risk of 是地道的英语新闻表达，既精确又有分量。

❌ 学生初版

The risk for young people is very small.

✅ 升级版

Young people face a minute risk of developing serious symptoms.

迁移练习：

  • 这项手术风险极小：Patients run a minute risk of complications after this procedure.
  • 徒步路线基本安全：Travellers on this route face a minute risk of encountering dangerous wildlife.

4. divert A away from B — 将A从B转移走（常用于论证资源的冲突）

原文出处： “Some argue that vaccinating children diverts valuable jabs away from adult populations”

为什么好： divert...away from 简洁地表达了”资源被挪用”的含义。在议论文中，当你讨论有限资源的分配时，这个短语比 take away from 或 reduce 都更精准、更有说服力。

❌ 学生初版

Some say vaccinating children will take vaccines away from adults.

✅ 升级版

Critics argue that prioritising one group diverts resources away from those who need them more.

迁移练习：

  • 过度投资基建影响教育：Spending too much on infrastructure may divert funds away from education.
  • 手机占用学习时间：Smartphones divert students’ attention away from their studies.

5. a rigorous and thorough review — 严格而彻底的审查

原文出处： “Parents and guardians can rest assured that the agency undertook a rigorous and thorough review of all available data.”

为什么好： 这个短语展示了两个维度的评价：

  • rigorous — 严格的（= 标准高、要求严）
  • thorough — 彻底的（= 没有遗漏、全面） 两者放在一起形成并列形容词强化结构，比单用其中一个有力得多。rest assured that...（请放心）也是一个很地道的句式。

❌ 学生初版

The review was very careful.

✅ 升级版

The committee conducted a rigorous and thorough review of the evidence before making its decision.

迁移练习：

  • 公司做了严格的安全审查：The company carried out a rigorous and thorough review of its safety procedures.
  • 论文经过严格审核：All research papers undergo a rigorous and thorough review before publication.

升级段落对比

学生原版：

Some people think children should get the vaccine. But other people disagree. They say the risk is very small so it’s not necessary. They also worry it might take vaccines from adults who need them more.

升级版（使用本课5个表达）：

The proposal to vaccinate adolescents remains contentious. While younger populations face a minute risk of severe illness, critics argue that expanding the programme diverts valuable doses away from vulnerable adults. However, regulators conducted a rigorous and thorough review before they extended authorisation for the jab, citing its 100 per cent effectiveness.

总结

表达用法替代什么
extend authorisation for正式语境的”允许/授权”allow / permit
contentious尚未解决的激烈争议controversial
run a minute risk of风险极小very small risk
divert A away from B资源冲突的论证take away from / reduce
a rigorous and thorough review双重评价的正式说法careful check

课后练习： 用今天学的5个表达，写一段话讨论”是否应该限制学生在校使用手机”。

原文来源：《金融时报》双语阅读 | 美国FDA批准为16岁以下人群接种BioNTech/辉瑞疫苗（FT #139）