上周批改一位高二学生的作文时，看到这样一句话：
The company has many problems. These problems make investors worried.
两句话分开写，没错，但读起来像小学作文。如果合并成定语从句：
The company has many problems that make investors worried.
瞬间就顺了。
定语从句（relative clause）的核心价值不是”炫技”，而是让表达更紧凑、逻辑更清晰。今天我们借助FT一篇关于游戏驿站(GameStop)股价波动的报道，来学三种最实用的定语从句写法。
FT原文选读
GameStop shares doubled in heavy volume in the final 90 minutes of trading on Wednesday, in a return of the volatility that rocked markets last month and led to a congressional inquiry.
Trading in the video game retailer’s shares, which have been a favourite of day traders communicating on social media platforms like Reddit and Twitter, had to be halted twice.
The sudden burst of activity spread to other stocks that had also become popular with traders on the Reddit forum WallStreetBets.
——FT《游戏驿站股价在收盘前90分钟翻番》
三种定语从句写法拆解
写法一：限定性定语从句 — 明确”哪一个”
原文：
…the volatility that rocked markets last month…
结构公式：
名词 + that/which/who + 完整句子
告诉读者”我指的是哪一个”。没有这个从句，读者不知道是哪个波动。
❌ 学生初版
The market experienced a volatility. It shocked many people.
✅ 升级版
The market experienced a volatility that shocked many people.
💡 效果 从句跟在名词后面直接说明，少写一个句子，逻辑更紧。
考场例句：
The policy has brought significant changes that affect every household. （这项政策带来了影响每个家庭的重大变化。）
写法二：非限定性定语从句 — 补充额外信息
原文：
Trading in the video game retailer’s shares, which have been a favourite of day traders, had to be halted twice.
结构公式：
名词 + , + which/who + 补充信息 + , + 剩余句子
注意：有逗号！去掉这个从句，主句意思仍然完整。它只是额外提供背景信息。
❌ 学生初版
The company’s shares are popular among traders. Trading in these shares was halted twice.
✅ 升级版
The shares of the company, which are popular among traders, were halted twice.
💡 效果 非限定性从句把”背景信息”打包进主句，句子变得有层次——先讲主线，再补背景。
考场例句：
The new education policy, which aims to reduce academic pressure, has been widely discussed. （新教育政策旨在减轻学业压力，引发了广泛讨论。）
⚠️ 注意：非限定性定语从句在中文中没有直接对应，所以中国学生容易漏掉逗号，或者错误地当成限定性用法。记住：有逗号 = 补充信息；无逗号 = 限定说明。
写法三：隐藏在介词后的定语从句
进阶用法：
On Wednesday, more than 50m GameStop shares traded, the highest level since February 5.
结构公式：
名词 + 介词 + which/whom + 句子
这种在正式写作中很有用。看这个例子：
❌ 学生初版
The company introduced a new policy. Many employees were against this policy.
✅ 升级版
The company introduced a new policy, against which many employees protested.
💡 效果 介词前置让句子更正式、更紧凑。雅思写作6.5+必备。
但注意：这种写法不要滥用。一篇作文里用1次就够了，用多了显得刻意。
写作建议
- 限定性从句是基本功，中学和雅思作文里应该自然使用。如果你还在写两句话描述同一个名词，试着合并。
- 非限定性从句要有节制，一段里用1次即可。用太多会让读者找不着主句。
- 介词前置的定语从句仅限于正式写作（雅思大作文、学术论文），日常作文用普通版就够了。
定语从句的精髓不是”我会写”，而是”我知道什么时候该用，什么时候不该用”。阅卷老师看的是自然度，不是从句数量。
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