定从写来写去只会 which is... 和 who is...？那你的作文永远停留在”安全区”，拿不到高分。
今天我们从FT一篇伊拉克抓捕ISIS”财政部长”的短报道出发——这篇不到500词的报道里竟然出现了8种以上不同形式的定语从句。我们精选其中4个最具教学价值的结构，逐一拆解成”你可以直接套用的模板”。
📖 FT原文选段
Iraqi security forces have captured the man once dubbed “Isis’s finance minister” in a cross-border operation, the Iraqi prime minister announced on Monday.
Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi said on Twitter that Iraqi intelligence forces had apprehended Sami Jassim Mohammad al-Jubouri, an Iraqi leader of the Islamist terrorist group’s so-called caliphate or Islamic state, in a “complex external operation”.
Although the Iraqi government declared Isis had been defeated in December 2017, the group — which once seized large cities across Syria and Iraq in an area the size of Great Britain — has not been eradicated.
It remains active in parts of Iraq and eastern Syria but is a shadow of the force that once ruled its self-declared Islamic state with brutal violence.
Jubouri was a veteran member of al-Qaeda in Iraq, the group that predated Isis.
According to the US state department, which had offered a 5m reward for information leading to his capture, Jubouri went on to become “instrumental in managing finances for Isis’s terrorist operations”.
The US Treasury designated Jubouri a terrorist in 2015, claiming he had “worked to establish a new funding stream for Isil from increased production at oilfields held by the organisation” — part of a portfolio that made the group financially self-sufficient.
Kadhimi said Jubouri was a deputy to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-appointed caliph who was killed in a raid by US special forces in Syria in 2019.
中文对照
伊拉克总理周一宣布，伊拉克安全部队在一次跨境行动中抓捕了一个曾被称为”伊斯兰国的财政部长”的人。
伊拉克总理穆斯塔法·卡迪米在Twitter上表示，伊拉克情报部门在一次”复杂的涉外行动”中，拘捕了该伊斯兰恐怖组织的所谓”哈里发国”的一名伊拉克领袖——萨米·贾西姆·穆罕默德·朱布里。
尽管伊拉克政府2017年12月宣称伊斯兰国已被打败，但该组织——一度控制叙利亚和伊拉克的许多大城市，占领地区的面积相当于大不列颠岛——还未消声匿迹。
它仍活跃在伊拉克部分地区和叙利亚东部地区，但比起其曾经残暴统治自封的伊斯兰国家的时候，势力已大不如前。
朱布里曾是基地组织在伊拉克的资深成员，伊斯兰国就脱胎于基地组织。
根据美国国务院的说法——国务院曾悬赏500万美元抓捕他——他后来”在为伊斯兰国恐怖主义行动管理财务方面发挥了重要作用”。
2015年，美国财政部将朱布里列为恐怖分子，称他曾”利用伊斯兰国控制的油田的增产，为该组织建立新的资金来源”——这些是使该组织在经济上能够自立的资产的一部分。
卡迪米表示，朱布里曾是阿布·巴克尔·巴格达迪的副手。这位自封的哈里发于2019年在叙利亚被美国特种部队击毙。
💡 4种定语从句高分结构
1. 同位语定语从句——“两段式定义”
原文:
Jubouri was a veteran member of al-Qaeda in Iraq, the group that predated Isis.
结构分析：
[A], [the/ a + 名词 + that/who从句]——先用一个名词性短语（同位语）概括A是什么，再用定语从句进一步解释这个名词。这个”两段式定义”结构比简单写 Jubouri was a member of a group that predated Isis 紧凑得多。
❌ 学生初版 Alibaba is a company. It changed the way people shop online.
✅ 升级版 Alibaba is the company that revolutionized e-commerce in China — or, more precisely, a platform that connects millions of small businesses with consumers.
但真正高分的写法是同位语式：
✅ 满分版 Alibaba, the company that transformed China’s retail landscape, has expanded into cloud computing and AI.
💡 效果 同位语+定语从句的组合，等于”名称→类别定义→具体特征”的三层递进——这是学术写作中引入核心概念的黄金公式。
✅ 模板： [专有名词], the [类别名词] that/which [具体特征]
2. 插入式非限定性定语从句——“破折号强调”
原文:
the group — which once seized large cities across Syria and Iraq in an area the size of Great Britain — has not been eradicated.
结构分析：
[名词] — which [完整从句] — [谓语]。注意这里用了破折号代替逗号——这在新闻报道中用于强调插入的信息量很大、或者带有对比/转折意味的补充说明。破折号的使用让读者在心理上产生”停一下，注意看这里”的效果。
❌ 学生初版 The company, which once controlled a large part of the market, is now struggling to survive.
✅ 升级版 The company — which once commanded 40% of the global smartphone market — is now struggling to maintain even a 10% share.
💡 效果 破折号让对比效果更强烈。从”曾经控制40%“到”现在不到10%“，中间插入这个从句就像给了读者一脚刹车，让对比的冲击力更强。
✅ 模板： [名词] — which [强调性背景] — [主句谓语 + 出乎意料的结果]
3. 限定性定语从句 + “影子化”对比——现在与过去的并置
原文:
It remains active… but is a shadow of the force that once ruled its self-declared Islamic state with brutal violence.
结构分析：
[is a shadow of] [the 名词] that [过去的辉煌/强大]。这里的限定性定语从句 that once ruled... 界定的是”过去的那个组织”——不是现在的，是历史上的。这个 “shadow of X that once…” 结构是英语中非常经典的”今昔对比”工具。
❌ 学生初版 The team is not as good as it used to be.
✅ 升级版 The team is a shadow of the squad that won three consecutive championships in the 1990s.
💡 效果 “影子”（shadow）这个词本身带有”残留""不复从前”的情感色彩，加上定语从句补充”曾经有多厉害”，对比效果拉满。适用于任何描写”衰落”的议论文主题。
✅ 模板： [主语] is a shadow of the [名词] that [过去状态/成就]
4. 介词 + which ——定语从句的”高阶变体”
原文:
the US state department, which had offered a 5m reward for information leading to his capture, went on to become…
原文中虽然没有显性的”介词+which”，但我们可以从 oilfields held by the organisation 这类表达中，引出最关键的高阶结构：
试想如果把第2句改写成更正式的形式：
the oilfields from which the organisation derived its funding
结构分析：
[名词] + [介词] + which + [完整从句]
这是雅思/高考写作中真正区分”中级”和”高级”的关键语法点。大多数学生写不出来，但如果能写出来，印象分会大幅提升。
❌ 学生初版 The organisation got money from oilfields. These oilfields were controlled by ISIS.
✅ 中级版 The oilfields which the organisation controlled and used to obtain funding became a key target.
✅ 高级版 The oilfields, from which the organisation derived a substantial portion of its funding, became a primary target for airstrikes.
💡 效果
from which 代替了 which... from，把介词前置，整个句子瞬间有了正式感和学术感。以下是最常用的几个”介词+which”搭配：
| 介词 | 搭配场景 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| in which | 在某领域/方面 | The field in which China has made the most progress is renewable energy. |
| from which | 从某处获得 | The source from which the data was collected proved unreliable. |
| for which | 为此目的/原因 | The reason for which the policy was implemented remains unclear. |
| through which | 通过某种方式 | The mechanism through which the virus spreads is still being studied. |
✅ 模板： [名词] [介词] which [从句剩余部分], [主句]
📝 写作建议
把这4种结构按”从易到难”排序，建议的学习路径：
- 先掌握 同位语定语从句（第一段）——最容易模仿，且信息密度最高
- 再练习 破折号插入式非限定性定语从句——让你的论述有”节奏感”
- 然后挑战 “shadow of X that”对比结构——在议论文中用于”今昔对比”
- 最后攻克 “介词+which”——在需要体现学术感的关键段落中使用
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