很多同学的定语从句永远停留在”which is/that is”的初级阶段——整篇文章看下来，全是The problem which is serious…, The thing that is important… 的固定套路。

今天我们从FT对默克尔2020年讲话的报道中，挖出三个定语从句的高级用法，让你的从句写作直接从”初中水平”跳到”雅思7分”。

FT原文段落

Angela Merkel said Germany must go into a hard lockdown before Christmas to curb the spread of coronavirus, citing the “alarming” number of people being treated for Covid-19 in German intensive care wards and the surge in deaths from the disease.

Ms Merkel said she accepted the recommendations of the Leopoldina, Germany’s national academy of sciences, which said this week that all shops should be shut between December 24 and January 10.

France is also struggling to control its “second wave” of coronavirus infections, in spite of a nationwide lockdown that was due to be further eased next week.

Germany was widely seen to have coped much better with the pandemic’s first wave than many of its neighbours, with relatively low infection rates achieved without resort to draconian curfews and business closures.

中文对照：

默克尔表示，德国必须在圣诞节前实行严格的封锁……理由是在德国重症监护病房接受治疗的新冠患者数量”惊人”。

默克尔表示，她接受了德国国家科学院——利奥波第那科学院(Leopoldina)的建议，该机构本周表示所有商店应在12月24日至1月10日期间关闭。

法国也在努力控制其”第二波”新冠病毒感染，尽管全国范围的封锁将在下周进一步放松。

人们普遍认为，德国应对第一波疫情的举措较其许多邻国有效得多，在未实行严厉宵禁和要求企业停业的情况下，实现了相对较低的感染率。

技巧一：非限制性定语从句补充背景信息

原文出處

the Leopoldina, Germany’s national academy of sciences, which said this week that all shops should be shut…

为什么好

大多数同学知道”带逗号的which从句”，但只会写最简单的信息——the book, which I bought yesterday, is interesting。FT的用法告诉我们：非限制性定语从句可以用来交代机构的行动/观点，而不只是”描述属性”。

这里which said this week that...交代的不是”科学院是什么”，而是科学院做了什么——这让句子信息密度翻倍。

❌ 学生初版 The Leopoldina is Germany’s national academy of sciences. It said this week that all shops should be shut.

✅ 升级版 Ms Merkel accepted the recommendations of the Leopoldina, which said this week that all shops should be shut…

💡 效果 两个句子合并成一个，逻辑关系更紧密。“科学院”和”它说了什么”融为一体，读起来像母语者写的。

模板句式

[人物/机构], [职位/性质], which [动宾结构], [主句剩余部分]

Prof. Smith, Harvard’s leading epidemiologist, which has published over 200 papers on the subject, warned that the new variant could be more transmissible.

技巧二：用”with + 名词 + 过去分词”替代定语从句

原文出处

…with relatively low infection rates achieved without resort to draconian curfews and business closures

为什么好

这句话如果写成定语从句：…with relatively low infection rates which were achieved without resort to…——虽然语法正确，但冗长拖沓。

FT用的achieved without resort to是过去分词作定语（相当于which were achieved的省略形式），句子更紧凑有力。这是母语新闻写作的标志性技巧。

❌ 学生初版 Germany had low infection rates which were achieved without strict lockdowns.

✅ 升级版 Germany had relatively low infection rates achieved without resort to draconian curfews.

💡 效果 三个词（which were）变成零个词，信息密度瞬间提升。“achieved without resort to”连用的搭配也更高端，远超学生常用的”done without”。

模板句式

with [名词] + [过去分词] + [方式/条件]

The city rebuilt its economy with impressive growth achieved through innovation rather than subsidies.

技巧三：“in spite of + 名词 + that从句”的对比结构

原文出处

…in spite of a nationwide lockdown that was due to be further eased next week

为什么好

“in spite of/despite + 名词”是常见的让步结构，但同学们往往写到名词就停了——in spite of the lockdown。FT在这里加了that was due to be further eased，用定语从句交代了这个lockdown的状态，让让步对比更有力：尽管封锁即将放松（好趋势），但疫情仍然严重（坏情况）。

❌ 学生初版 France was still struggling. Despite the lockdown, the situation was bad.

✅ 升级版 France is also struggling in spite of a nationwide lockdown that was due to be further eased next week.

💡 效果 让步的对比感更强了——“锁国”和”即将放松”两层信息放在一起，衬托出问题的严峻。这是高级写作中”压缩信息密度”的核心技巧。

模板句式

[主句], in spite of / despite [名词] + that/which [补充状态]

The company continued to lose money despite a new strategy that was supposed to turn things around within months.

写作建议

定语从句的精髓不在于会用which/that/who，而在于用从句来交代背景、状态、原因，而不是单纯描述属性。

下次写作文时，做完一个陈述句后问自己：这个名词还能加什么背景信息？——把那层信息塞进定语从句，你的文章立刻变厚。

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