大部分同学写议论文的开头，习惯用一句笼统的背景概括——“In modern society, there is a heated debate about…”——考官看了想打哈欠。
FT的报道给我们提供了两种更高级的开头方式：用历史记录做钩子（吸引眼球）+ 用暴力动词开场（制造张力）。今天我们用一篇关于特朗普弹劾的报道，来学习这两种开头技巧，以及两种实用的收尾方法。
FT原文
Donald Trump became the first US president in history to be impeached for a second time as the House of Representatives charged him with “incitement to insurrection” for his role in stirring up a mob of supporters that stormed the Capitol last week.
The House voted 232 to 197 on Wednesday in favour of impeaching the president after the riot that left five people dead, with 10 Republicans breaking ranks to join all Democrats in voting to charge Mr Trump.
唐纳德·特朗普(Donald Trump)成为史上首位遭两次弹劾的美国总统。美国众议院指控他”煽动叛乱”，理由是在上周他的一群支持者冲击国会的事件中，他本人起到了煽动作用。
周三，众议院以232票赞成、197票反对的结果通过了总统弹劾案，有10名共和党议员反水，加入所有民主党议员的行列投下赞成票。
这段开头只有两句话，却完成了三件事：制造历史感、交代核心事件、量化信息。下面我们具体拆解。
技巧一：历史记录式开头（Historical Record Hook）
结构公式： [主体] + became the first [类别] in history + to [动作] as [事件触发]
原文示范：
Donald Trump became the first US president in history to be impeached for a second time as the House of Representatives charged him with “incitement to insurrection”…
这句话的精妙之处在于：became the first... in history 直接告诉读者”这件事前所未有”。用一个历史记录做钩子，比任何背景铺垫都更有吸引力。
| 写法 | |
|---|---|
| ❌ 学生初版 | Trump was impeached twice by the House of Representatives. Many people thought he should be punished. |
| ✅ 升级版 | Donald Trump became the first US president in history to be impeached for a second time as the House of Representatives charged him with “incitement to insurrection”. |
| 💡 效果 | 学生版只是陈述事实（was impeached twice），升级版通过 first in history 赋予了事件”历史意义”，瞬间提升了话语的重量 |
考场用法：
- Beijing became the first city in history to host both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, as the world watched the 2022 Winter Games unfold.
- Remote work became the first workplace practice in history to be adopted by over 50% of global companies within a single year, as the pandemic forced a rapid shift in work patterns.
技巧二：以暴力动词开场（Vivid Action Verb Opening）
结构公式： [机构] + charged [对象] with [罪名] + for [行动] + that [结果]
原文示范：
…charged him with “incitement to insurrection” for his role in stirring up a mob of supporters that stormed the Capitol last week.
FT在第二层用了一个很有力的动词组合：stirring up（煽动）+ stormed（冲击）。这两个动词让读者”看到”了事件的发生过程——动词是英文写作的灵魂。
| 写法 | |
|---|---|
| ❌ 学生初版 | Trump encouraged his supporters to go to the Capitol. Some of them entered the building. |
| ✅ 升级版 | …for his role in stirring up a mob of supporters that stormed the Capitol last week. |
| 💡 效果 | stir up 比 encourage 更有煽动的意味（含贬义），storm 比 enter 更有冲击力。一个动词就能把”入侵”的画面感写出来 |
考场用法：
- The government charged the company with violating environmental regulations for dumping toxic waste into the river, sparking widespread public outrage.
- The school disciplined the student for stirring up conflict among classmates through online rumours.
结尾技巧拆解
除了开头，FT这篇报道的结尾也值得学习。它用了多声部引用和对比收束两种技巧，让结尾既有说服力又有余韵。
结尾示例
报道在接近尾声处并排放置了多方的声音：
“The president of the United States incited this insurrection, this armed rebellion, against our common country,” Nancy Pelosi said. “He must go. He is a clear and present danger to the nation that we all love.”
“The president of the United States summoned this mob, assembled the mob, and lit the flame of this attack,” Liz Cheney said.
Mitch McConnell, however, held open the possibility that he might vote to convict: “I have not made a final decision…”
Donald Trump responded by urging “that there must be NO violence, NO lawbreaking and NO vandalism of any kind.”
技巧三：多声部收尾（Multi-Voice Ending）
结构公式： [Speaker 1] + 极端立场引语 → [Speaker 2] + 支持立场引语 → [Speaker 3] + 保留立场引语 → [主体/Speaker 4] + 防御性回应
FT没有用一个记者的总结来结尾，而是把关键的四类声音按立场从强到弱排列：
- 最强反对（Pelosi）：煽动叛乱，必须下台
- 反对但更克制（Cheney）：召唤并点燃了攻击
- 保留态度（McConnell）：还没决定怎么投票
- 当事者回应（Trump）：呼吁不要暴力
这种 “一个事件，四种声音” 的收尾方式，比任何单一的总结句都更有说服力。
| 写法 | |
|---|---|
| ❌ 学生初版 | In conclusion, many politicians disagreed with Trump’s actions and some supported impeachment. |
| ✅ 升级版 | ”The president incited this insurrection,” Pelosi charged. “He summoned this mob,” Cheney echoed. McConnell maintained a cautious position. Trump responded with a call for calm. |
| 💡 效果 | 用引语让不同观点直接”发声”，而不是用一个笼统的概括句。读者能从引语的语气和措辞中感受到各方态度的差异 |
考场用法：
- “The policy will destroy our economy,” the opposition leader warned. “It is a necessary step,” the minister countered. A middle ground, experts suggested, might lie in a phased implementation.
- “Technology is replacing jobs,” critics argue. “Technology creates new opportunities,” proponents insist. The truth, perhaps, sits somewhere in between.
技巧四：对比式收尾（Comparative Summary End）
结构公式： Just [A], [B] and [C] have done X. However, [主体] is the [唯一差异].
原文结尾处用了精妙的对比收束：
Just three presidents, Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton and Mr Trump, have been impeached for “high crimes and misdemeanours”. However, Mr Trump is the first to be impeached twice, and the only one to be charged so close to the end of his term.
这个收尾用了一个 “同一类事物中的特殊项” 结构：先列出一个短名单（只有三位总统被弹劾过），然后指出特���项（特朗普是唯一被弹劾两次的 + 唯一在任期快结束时被起诉的）。
| 写法 | |
|---|---|
| ❌ 学生初版 | Trump’s situation was very special. He was impeached two times and nobody else was impeached twice. |
| ✅ 升级版 | Just three presidents have been impeached. However, Mr Trump is the first to be impeached twice, and the only one to be charged so close to the end of his term. |
| 💡 效果 | 先给参考系（three presidents），再聚焦特殊项（first to be impeached twice）。对比让”特殊”变得可衡量，而不是空洞的形容词 |
考场用法：
- Just three cities in the world have hosted the Olympics three times. However, London is the only one to have done so across three different centuries.
- Just a handful of species can recognise themselves in a mirror. However, the dolphin is the only marine animal known to pass this test.
针对性练习
-
用 历史记录式开头（
became the first...in history to...as...）写一个关于”中国首次火星着陆”的开头段落。 -
用 多声部结构 写一段关于”人工智能是否会取代人类工作”的收尾，包含至少三个不同的立场。
-
用 对比式收束 找个你熟悉的话题（比如一所学�的特殊成功、一个城市的独特之处），先给参考系再聚焦差异项。
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