学生痛点:写”为了”只会 in order to,意图和举措糊成一团

批改作文时,学生表达”目的”几乎只有一套动作:in order to 或者 to do 放句首/句中。更麻烦的是,很多同学把”手段”和”目的”挤在一个句子里说不清——The government made a new rule to make people happy,到底哪个是手段、哪个是目的?意图的层次完全没有体现。

高级写作里的”目的”从来不只有一种句式。FT报道《欧盟推出数字旅行证书》(2021年7月)讲的是一个政策从”想法”到”落地”的全过程:为什么推出、用什么工具实现、各方在什么压力下推动——恰好把目的与手段的各种衔接用了个遍。今天学其中四个最实用的结构。

FT原文

An EU-wide travel system was launched on Thursday, allowing European citizens to resume travel across the bloc without quarantine in a move designed to help boost tourism over the summer.

The app-based certificate gives travellers a QR code to allow them to avoid quarantine in other member states.

Brussels has been under pressure to come up with a system of co-ordinated travel to prevent member states from imposing their own rules.

“At the moment a lot of paperwork is needed in order to travel back and forth to Greece,” said Isidora Chandeli, manager of Verina boutique hotels on the island of Sifnos.

中文对照

欧盟周四推出了一个覆盖整个欧盟的旅行体系,允许欧洲公民恢复在欧盟内部的旅行而不被隔离,此举旨在帮助提振夏季的旅游业。

这种通过应用程序呈现的证书将为出行者提供二维码,使他们在其他欧盟成员国免于隔离。

布鲁塞尔方面一直面临压力,要求其制定一套统一的旅行体系,以防止成员国实施自己的规则。

“目前往返希腊需要大量文件。“锡夫诺斯岛精品酒店Verina的经理伊西多拉•尚德利说,“欧洲护照将使这一过程容易许多。“

四个目的与手段衔接

1. in a move designed to + do:把”整个举措的目的”打包成状语

原文出处: “An EU-wide travel system was launched on Thursday … in a move designed to help boost tourism over the summer.”

中文解释: in a move designed to 字面是”在一个旨在……的举措中”,实际上它给前面一整件事(launched a system)补上”目的”——这个目的不是句子的主干,而是像标签一样贴在整句话后面。

为什么好: 学生写举措的目的只会把 to do 直接塞在动词后:The school opened a reading room to encourage reading。in a move designed to 把目的名词化成”一个举措”,语感上更正式、更书面,是外刊报道政策、公司决策时的标配。

考场用法对比:

❌ 学生初版 The city built many bike lanes to reduce pollution.

✅ 升级版 The city expanded its network of bike lanes, in a move designed to cut rush-hour emissions and ease congestion.

💡 效果 in a move designed to 自带”郑重其事”的新闻感;还可以替换为 in a bid to(更急切)、in an attempt to(带尝试意味)。一个”目的状语家族”就有了层次。

2. give sb sth to allow sb to do:工具 → 使能 → 结果 的目的链

原文出处: “The app-based certificate gives travellers a QR code to allow them to avoid quarantine in other member states.”

中文解释: 这个结构是一条完整的”目的链”:主语提供工具(a QR code),工具使能(allow them to),最终达成目的(avoid quarantine)。读者一眼看清”用什么实现什么”。

为什么好: 学生写”提供工具”只会 There be:There is an app for students to check homework。give sb sth to allow sb to do 把”给”和”让”串成一个因果链,动作清晰,且 allow 后面能接任何动作,可替换 enable sb to do / make it possible for sb to do。

考场用法对比:

❌ 学生初版 There is a website for students to find part-time jobs.

✅ 升级版 The university runs an online platform that gives students instant alerts to allow them to secure part-time jobs before graduation.

💡 效果 give + 工具 + to allow + 目的,是”科技改变生活""学校提供资源”类作文最实用的句型:先给资源,再说明资源带来什么改变。

3. under pressure to do:把”被推动着做”的压力写出来

原文出处: “Brussels has been under pressure to come up with a system of co-ordinated travel to prevent member states from imposing their own rules.”

中文解释: under pressure to do 表示”在……压力下不得不做”,压力来源通常在前文交代(这里是谁在施压?南欧旅游业、航空公司)。它让”目的”多了一层被动推动的意味——不是主动想做,而是被形势推着做。

为什么好: 学生表达”不得不”只会 have to / must,冷冰冰且没有来源。under pressure to 自带”谁在推、为什么推”的叙事张力,特别适合写政策出台、企业转型、个人在 deadline 前赶工的场景。

考场用法对比:

❌ 学生初版 The company had to change its product because customers complained.

✅ 升级版 Facing a wave of customer complaints, the company has been under pressure to redesign its product to restore public trust.

💡 效果 under pressure to 后面还可以再叠一个 to do(这里是 to come up with… to prevent…),形成”压力 → 行动 → 更深目的”的嵌套链条,是长难句里最漂亮的逻辑骨架之一。

4. in order to do:引语中保留的”标准答案式”目的

原文出处: “a lot of paperwork is needed in order to travel back and forth to Greece,” said Isidora Chandeli…

中文解释: 前面三个结构都算”升级款”,in order to 则是目的表达的基本款——但注意 FT 为什么在这里用它:因为这是受访者的直接引语。人物说话时用最清楚、最不容易被误解的表达,in order to 就是那个”放之四海皆准”的选择。

为什么好: 学生常犯的错不是不会 in order to,而是滥用它——每个目的都 in order to,导致全文句式单调。这篇报道教的是”分层”:陈述事实、政策分析用 in a move designed to / under pressure to;转述普通人的诉求时,回归 in order to 反而更自然。高级不是永远用难句,而是该简单时简单。

考场用法对比:

❌ 学生初版 Students save money in order to buy phones in order to play games in order to relax. (滥用)

✅ 升级版 “Students need flexible schedules in order to balance study and part-time work,” said a senior at the university. (引语中自然使用)

💡 效果 把 in order to 留给引语和”需要说清楚”的关键句,把高级结构留给分析句——句式一”分档”,作文立刻有了节奏感。

练习建议

写一个”学校/城市出台某项新举措”的段落(比如”学校开设劳动课""城市推行垃圾分类”),要求用上今天四个结构,各写一句:

  1. The school launched a new gardening programme, in a move designed to
  2. The programme gives students hands-on tools to allow them to
  3. Teachers, under pressure to meet tight deadlines, had to …
  4. “Students need more outdoor time in order to …” said the principal.

写完后检查:每个句子里,“手段”和”目的”是否分得清?整段是否既有基本款、又有升级款?四句写完,你对”目的与手段衔接”的表达库就从 in order to 一个词,升级成了四个层次——下次写政策类、建议类作文,意图的表达会清晰得多。

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