定语从句的关键不是”会不会用”,而是在什么地方用什么类型。很多学生把所有”which”当同一个东西用,结果在需要限制性从句的地方用了非限制性(意思变了),或者在该用介词+which的地方用了普通that(表达不到位)。
今天我们从FT一篇关于美俄峰会的报道中,看看定语从句在实际写作中的三种精确用法。
FT原文
…Biden proposed to Putin that they hold a summit in an effort to “normalise” relations between Moscow and the west, which have soured over new US sanctions against the Kremlin…
Ushakov’s comments follow a week in which Russia has appeared to take a less confrontational tack on issues where it has clashed the west.
Moscow announced that thousands of troops deployed near to the Ukrainian border would return to their bases…
中文对照
……拜登向普京提议举行峰会,试图实现俄美关系的”正常化”,由于美国实施新制裁等原因,莫斯科与西方的关系已经恶化……
乌沙科夫发表上述言论的一周前,在与西方发生冲突的问题上,俄罗斯似乎采取了不那么对抗的策略。
莫斯科方面宣布,部署在乌克兰边境附近的数千士兵将返回基地……
3种定语从句用法精讲
1. 逗号+which:非限制性定语从句(补充说明)
原文出处: relations between Moscow and the west, which have soured over new US sanctions
为什么好: 这里的which have soured前有一个逗号,表示这是一个非限制性定语从句——它不是在限定”哪些关系”,而是在补充说明”这些关系怎么了”。去掉它,主句意思仍然完整:拜登想正常化俄美关系(具体原因补充在后面)。
中国学生最常见的错误是在不需要逗号的地方加了逗号,或者在需要逗号的地方没加。一个有逗号和一个没逗号,意思完全不一样。
❌ 学生初版 The government introduced a new policy which aims to reduce pollution.
✅ 正确用法 The government introduced a new policy, which aims to reduce pollution.
💡 效果 有逗号→意思是”政府推出了一个新政策,它的目标是减少污染”(补充说明);没逗号→意思是”政府推出了那个以减污为目标的新政策”(区别于其他没有这个目标的政策)。绝大多数作文场景下,你写的是补充说明,所以逗号不可少。
模板: [主句], **which** + [补充信息]
例句: The school launched a reading programme, which has already benefited over 200 students.
2. 介词 + which:正式语体的定语从句
原文出处: a week in which Russia has appeared to take a less confrontational tack
为什么好: a week in which = 在那一周里。这个结构比a week that...更精确,因为in which明确了时间关系。介词+which是英文正式写作的标志性结构——学生如果能写出in which、through which、for which,作文立刻上一个档次。
中国学生普遍不知道:当定语从句中的动词需要搭配介词时,要把介词提到which前面。
❌ 学生初版 This is the company which I have worked for three years.
✅ 升级版 This is the company for which I have worked for three years. (或:This is the company where I have worked for three years.)
💡 效果
介词+which让句子结构更紧凑,是雅思写作7分以上、高考英语135分以上的必备修辞。但对于考试作文,where/when/why更自然——where替代in which,when替代during which,why替代for which。
模板: [名词] + [介词] + which + [从句]
常见搭配: in which(时间/环境)、for which(原因/目的)、through which(方式/途径)、by which(手段)
例句: The method by which the data was collected remains unclear. → 更自然的写法:The method used to collect the data remains unclear.(定语从句简化)
3. where:地点/抽象领域关系副词
原文出处: issues where it has clashed the west
为什么好: where不仅可以用在地点名词后(the city where…),还可以用在抽象领域名词后——situation, issue, case, scenario, context… 这就是抽象where,是英文写作中非常高频的结构。学生如果没有这个意识,就会写成issues in which甚至issues that。
❌ 学生初版 We are facing a situation that we must act quickly.
✅ 升级版 We are facing a situation where we must act quickly.
💡 效果
where比in which更自然,比that更精确。在抽象场景中,where是表达”在某种情况/领域下”的最佳选择。
模板: [抽象名词(situation / case / context / field)] + where + [从句]
例句: We have reached a point where every minute of preparation counts.
4. 过去分词替代被动定语从句
原文出处: thousands of troops deployed near to the Ukrainian border
为什么好: 学生版本:thousands of troops which were deployed near to the Ukrainian border。FT用deployed(过去分词)替代which were deployed,省掉了关系代词和be动词。
这是定语从句简化最高频的场景——约40%的定语从句简化都属于这类:被动语态的”which/that + was/were + V-ed” → 直接保留V-ed。
❌ 学生初版 troops which were deployed near the border
✅ 升级版 troops deployed near the border
💡 效果 去掉”which were”后,名词和修饰语直接连接,信息密度翻倍,节奏更紧凑。这是前面第一篇文章的核心技巧,这里再次用A级新闻英语素材验证。
模板: [名词] + [V-ed + 补充信息](= which/that was/were + V-ed)
例句: The funds raised from the charity event will be donated to local schools. (= funds which were raised)
三大区分速查表
| 类型 | 结构 | 有无逗号 | 可否省略 | 意思 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 限制性 | N + that/which | 无 | 不可省略,否则意思不完整 | 限定是”哪一个” |
| 非限制性 | N, + which | 必须加逗号 | 可省略,主句仍然完整 | 补充额外信息 |
| 介词+which | N + 介词+which | 有时有有时无 | 取决于是否限制 | 精确定位关系 |
写作建议
三步掌握定语从句:
- 先判断是否需要逗号——如果去掉从句主句意思不变,就是非限制性,必须加逗号
- 再判断是否需要介词——如果从句动词需要搭配介词(work for, result in, agree on),把这个介词提到which前
- 最后试着简化——如果定语从句是”which/who/that + be”,直接删掉关系代词和be动词
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