同样一句话,加不加逗号,意思完全不同——这就是非限制性定语从句的魅力,也是很多学生写作时完全没意识到的”隐形分界线”。
限制性定语从句负责”锁定”先行词(不用逗号),而非限制性定语从句负责”追加信息”(必须用逗号)。今天我们从FT一篇拜登预测美国新冠死亡人数的报道出发,学4个非限制性定语从句的高分用法。
📖 FT原文选段
Coronavirus will have killed half a million people in the US by the end of next month, Joe Biden predicted on Thursday as he warned that his administration would not be able to dramatically speed up the pace of vaccinations.
The president, who ran for election on a pledge to overhaul the US response to the pandemic, told reporters “the death toll will probably top 500,000 next month, the cases will continue to mount”.
On Wednesday, the US reported a record 4,409 deaths from the virus, according to the Covid Tracking Project, which puts the total number of fatalities at 396,837.
The president’s bleak assessment of the pandemic marks a sharp departure from his predecessor Donald Trump, who repeatedly predicted that the US was on the cusp of defeating the virus only for it to spiral further out of control.
中文对照
乔·拜登周四预测,到下月底,新冠病毒将导致美国50万人死亡。他警告说,他的政府将无法大幅加快疫苗接种速度。
这位曾在竞选时承诺彻底改革美国疫情应对方式的总统告诉记者,“下个月死亡人数很可能超过50万,病例数将继续攀升”。
根据新冠跟踪项目的数据,周三美国报告了创纪录的4409例死亡病例,该项目统计的死亡总数为396837人。
总统对疫情的悲观评估,与他前任唐纳德·特朗普形成鲜明对比——特朗普曾一再预测美国即将战胜病毒,结果疫情却进一步失控。
💡 4种非限制性定语从句高分结构
1. 主语 + , who … , + 谓语——“身份背景”插入式
原文:
The president, who ran for election on a pledge to overhaul the US response to the pandemic, told reporters…
结构分析:
[主语] , who [身份/背景补充] , [谓语]——把非限制性从句插在主语和谓语之间,用两个逗号隔开,这是新闻英语中最常见的信息追加方式。它像括号一样,先让读者知道”这个人是谁、干过什么”,再继续讲他的动作。
❌ 学生初版 The president told reporters the death toll would be high. He ran for election on a pledge to overhaul the pandemic response.
(两个短句,信息是”断开”的,节奏松散。)
✅ 升级版 The president, who had promised during his campaign to overhaul the pandemic response, warned that the coming month would be the deadliest yet.
💡 效果 把第二句压缩成非限制性定语从句,插进第一句中间——一个长句完成了”身份+动作”两层信息,句子立刻有了新闻感。写人物类话题(名人、榜样、历史人物)时,这是最实用的开场结构。
✅ 模板: [人物主语] , who [背景/身份信息] , [主句动作]
2. 专有名词 + , which …——数据出处的”权威背书”
原文:
according to the Covid Tracking Project, which puts the total number of fatalities at 396,837
结构分析:
[专有名词] , which [补充说明]——当先行词是机构、项目、报告这类非人名词时,用 which。这里用非限制性从句补充数据来源的统计口径,比单独写一个句子更紧凑,也让论据显得更可信。
❌ 学生初版 According to a research report. The report shows that pollution levels are rising.
✅ 升级版 According to the city’s environmental monitoring agency, which tracks air quality in real time, pollution levels have risen sharply this winter.
💡 效果
写议论文需要”引用数据”时,这个结构一箭双雕:既交代了数据来源(可信度),又补充了机构的职能(权威感)。which 引导的非限制性从句是数据论证的黄金搭档。
✅ 模板: according to [机构/报告] , which [职能或数据口径] , [主句结论]
3. , who … 长插入——今昔/立场对比
原文:
a sharp departure from his predecessor Donald Trump, who repeatedly predicted that the US was on the cusp of defeating the virus only for it to spiral further out of control
结构分析:
这个非限制性从句一口气追加了两层信息:特朗普做了什么(repeatedly predicted),结果如何(spiral further out of control)。在”对比论证”里,把对比对象的言行装进一个 , who ... 从句,主句就可以直接下结论(a sharp departure)。
❌ 学生初版 Trump predicted the US would defeat the virus. But the virus got worse. Biden’s view is very different.
✅ 升级版 Biden’s cautious assessment marks a sharp contrast with his predecessor, who had repeatedly predicted victory over the virus only for it to spiral further out of control.
💡 效果 对比类作文最忌”记流水账”式地罗列双方观点。用非限制性从句把”对方的观点+结果”打包压缩,主句专心下判断——论证的层次立刻清晰。
✅ 模板: [主句结论] + with [对比对象] , who [对方言行 + 结果]
4. 限定 vs 非限定——逗号决定句意(非限定不用 that)
对比两句话:
My brother who lives in Shanghai is a doctor. (我有好几个兄弟,说的是在上海当医生的那个——限定)
My brother, who lives in Shanghai, is a doctor. (我只有一个兄弟,顺便告诉你他在上海——非限定)
结构分析: 这是非限制性定语从句最核心的考点:加不加逗号,句子的意思完全不同。同时记住两条硬规则:
- 非限制性定语从句只用 who/which,绝对不用 that;
- 非限制性从句不能省略关系词(限制性从句作宾语时可以省略,非限定的 never)。
❌ 学生初版 My hometown, that is a small coastal city, has changed a lot.
(错误:非限定性从句用了 that——这是高中作文的高频失分点。)
✅ 升级版 My hometown, which was once a small fishing village, has grown into a bustling coastal city.
💡 效果
一个正确的 , which 插入,既补充了”过去的样子”,又和主句的”现在的样子”形成时间对比。写家乡、成长、变化类话题时,这个结构几乎百发百中。
✅ 模板: [名词] , which [补充信息] , [主句](关系词只用 which/who,绝不使用 that)
📝 写作建议
按这个顺序练习:
- 先学会”识别”——看到逗号+which/who就知道是非限定,先保证阅读不丢分
- 再练”插入式”(第1个)——把背景信息塞进主句中间,一个句子说两层事
- 然后练”数据背书”(第2个)——写议论文引用数据时,用 which 补充来源
- 最后挑战”长插入对比”(第3个)——让对比论证的层次感立起来
记住一个口诀:限定不加逗号,非限定必加逗号;限定可以用 that,非限定只能用 which/who。 下次写作文时,检查一下你的 which 前面有没有逗号——这一个小细节,就是阅卷老师区分”背过语法”和”真正会用”的地方。
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