读《金融时报》学英文写作:插入语——破折号与括号里的”补充评论”
写作文时想补充一个背景、一个例子、一句评论,中国学生最常做的是”另起一句”:
❌ 学生初版
My hometown is a small city. It is famous for its seafood. I love living there.
💡 问题 三个信息点排成三句,节奏拖沓;而且”海鲜”这个补充信息其实不重要,不值得占一整句。
英文记者处理补充信息时,会用插入语(parenthetical)——把次要信息塞进句子中间或两侧,用破折号、逗号、括号”见缝插针”。主线句子不被打断,信息量却翻倍。来看FT的报道。
FT原文
Mr Biden was leading in the key swing state of Arizona — which Mr Trump won in 2016 — and expressed hopes that he was heading to victory once postal ballots had been counted in Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania.
“We feel good about where we are. I am here to tell you tonight that we believe we are on track to win,” he told supporters in Wilmington, Delaware.
While some Democrats expressed concern that Mr Trump was doing better than polls predicted, others called for patience, pointing out that mail-in ballots in some states, such as Pennsylvania, would take more time to tally.
中文对照
拜登在关键的摇摆州亚利桑那州(特朗普在2016年赢得了该州)处于领先地位,并表示他希望一旦威斯康星州、密歇根州和宾夕法尼亚州的邮寄选票清点完毕,他就能走向胜利。
“我们对自己的处境感觉良好。今晚我要告诉你们,我们相信自己正走在通往胜利的道路上,“他在特拉华州威尔明顿对支持者说。
虽然一些民主党人对特朗普的表现好于民调预测表示担忧,但另一些人呼吁保持耐心,指出一些州的邮寄选票(如宾夕法尼亚州)需要更多时间才能统计完毕。
三种插入语
1. 破折号插入(补充背景,不留痕迹)
结构公式: 主干句子 — 补充背景 — 主干继续
FT原文:the key swing state of Arizona — which Mr Trump won in 2016 — and expressed hopes…
破折号的作用是”快速插话”:背景信息(2016年特朗普赢过这里)塞进去,读完主干还能无缝接上。中文里我们常用括号,英文新闻里破折号更常见、更醒目。
❌ 学生初版
I visited Hangzhou last year. It was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. I was amazed by the West Lake.
✅ 升级版
I visited Hangzhou last year — the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty — and was amazed by the West Lake.
💡 效果 三句压成一句,破折号包住背景,主干节奏不被打乱,读起来像母语者写作。
2. 地名同位语(地点”自带注释”)
结构公式: 城市名, 州/国家名, + 完整句子
FT原文:he told supporters in Wilmington, Delaware.
地名后紧跟州名或国家名,是新闻写作的固定搭配。写旅游、人物、经历类作文时,这个结构能瞬间增加”真实感”。
❌ 学生初版
I spent my summer in Xiamen. Xiamen is in Fujian Province.
✅ 升级版
I spent my summer in Xiamen, Fujian Province, where the sea breeze filled every evening.
💡 效果 地名和归属地合并,再用where从句延展细节——一句话完成了”交代地点+展开描写”两件事。
3. such as 举例插入(例子”见缝插针”)
结构公式: 名词/类别, such as 具体例子, + 主干继续
FT原文:mail-in ballots in some states, such as Pennsylvania, would take more time to tally.
举例时不另起一句,而是用”such as”把例子嵌进句子中间。同样的效果还可以用”including”。
❌ 学生初版
Many cities in China are famous. For example, Beijing and Shanghai.
✅ 升级版
Many cities in China, such as Beijing and Shanghai, have a rich cultural heritage.
💡 效果 例子不再单独成句,而是成为句子的”零件”,论证更紧凑,句子也更显成熟。
为什么插入语是写作的”隐形升级”
考场上,学生最怕句子”啰嗦”:想补充背景,又怕写太多。插入语就是答案——补充信息不占新句子,而是嵌入现有句子。破折号给背景、地名同位语给真实感、such as给例子,三种工具各有分工,句子立刻从”小学生句式”变成”新闻句式”。
练习建议: 找一篇自己写过的记叙文,圈出所有”另起一句的补充信息”(背景、地点、例子),试着用今天三种插入语之一把它们嵌回主句,数一数文章少了多少个”句子碎片”。
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